文章的通讯作者是加拿大皇后大学的贾宗超教授,其2004年受聘为国家教育部长江学者奖励计划讲座教授,任北京师范大学长江学者教授,这篇文章的**作者是来自北京师范大学的郑济民(JiminZheng,音译)博士,下图为两位作者正在操作一种X射线装置。
研究人员发现一种称为AceK的蛋白能作为一种开关,帮助某些**,例如大肠杆菌,和沙门氏菌绕过能量产生循环,进入生存模式,在低营养环境中生存下来,这项发现有利于减少水中的健康危害(比如大肠杆菌),还可以帮助获得获得更便宜的化学试剂和**(比如胰岛素),在环保方面也具有积极意义。
这项发现独特之处在于机制开启和关闭都发生在同一蛋白的相同位置上,正常而言这两种相对活性应该需要两个不同的“活性位点”。贾教授表示,“从蛋白功能这个层面上来看,这是**发现的研究成果。”
这项研究也打开了一道门,科学家们能识别出哪些分子可以关闭开关,从而让**在水中无法生存,因此我们的饮用水能变得更加干净,避免产生类似Walkerton事件那样的悲剧再次发生(Walkerton是发生在加拿大的水污染事件,死了七人病了两千多人,生物通注)。
贾教授说,“虽然其它的生物体在缺乏营养的时候无法生存,但是AceK这一机制却能帮助**生成,引起健康问题”。
相反,能让支路开关开启的分子对于一些**生物技术公司而言却是福音,这些公司生成一些化合物,比如胰岛素。利用这一机制,在发酵过程中,这些公司可以采用少一些的营养,更便宜的醋酸盐。这样能减少大量的成功花费,并且由于产生了更少的二氧化碳,因此更有利于环保。
“虽然目前我们还没有发现制止由于大肠杆菌之类的水污染物引起的**的原因,但是我们为大家展示了一种模式:设计能使这些**在水中无法生存的分子”,贾教授表示,“这就如同我们已经了解了锁如何工作的,现在我们需要的是设计一把钥匙。”
原文摘要:
Structure of the bifunctional isocitrate dehydrogenasekinase/phosphataseThe Escherichia coli isocitrate dehydrogenase kinase/phosphatase(AceK) is a unique bifunctional enzyme that phosphorylates ordephosphorylates isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) in response toenvironmental changes, resulting in the inactivation or,respectively, activation of ICDH1. ICDH inactivation short-circuitsthe Krebs cycle by enabling the glyoxlate bypass2, 3. It was thediscovery of AceK and ICDH that established the existence ofprotein phosphorylation regulation in prokaryotes1, 4. As a 65-kDaprotein, AceK is significantly larger than typical eukaryoticprotein kinases. Apart from the ATP-binding motif, AceK does notshare sequence homology with any eukaryotic protein kinase orphosphatase5, 6. Most intriguingly, AceK possesses the two opposingactivities of protein kinase and phosphatase within one protein,and specifically recognizes only intact ICDH7, 8. Additionally,AceK has strong ATPase activity9. It has been shown that AceKkinase, phosphatase and ATPase activities reside at the same site6,10, although the molecular basis of such multifunctionality and itsregulation remains completely unknown. Here we report thestructures of AceK and its complex with ICDH. The AceK structurereveals a eukaryotic protein-kinase-like domain containing ATP anda regulatory domain with a novel fold. As an AceK phosphataseactivator and kinase inhibitor, AMP is found to bind in anallosteric site between the two AceK domains. An AMP-mediatedconformational change exposes and shields ATP, acting as a switchbetween AceK kinase and phosphatase activities, and ICDH-bindinginduces further conformational change for AceK activation. Thesubstrate recognition loop of AceK binds to the ICDH dimer,allowing higher-order substrate recognition and interaction, andinducing critical conformational change at the phosphorylation siteof ICDH.