心脏病发作往往会导致一些心肌细胞发生不可逆转的损伤,患者就算存活下来,心肌受损部位也会形成长久性的伤害。尽管在心脏组织中存在一些祖细胞具有分化为心肌、心血管等主要心脏细胞的能力。然而在**体内这些祖细胞通常处于静息状态,无法修复心脏病造成的损伤。
伦敦大学医学院儿童健康研究所的PaulRiely及同事一直致力于寻找一种新技术能够增强这些心脏祖细胞的的活力。早在2007年,Riley等利用胸腺中鉴别的一种小蛋白胸腺肽thymosinβ4 (Tβ4)就成功地在小鼠胚胎中诱导心外膜中的心脏祖细胞生成了血管,成纤维细胞和心肌细胞。
“我们由此质疑,如果Tβ4是胚胎心外膜发育的必需因子,那么它是否有可能能在**心外膜中启动相同的效应?”Riley说。
“我们过去针对一个叫做Wt1基因开展过活性研究,研究结果表明表达Wt1蛋白的胚胎干细胞能够分化形成心肌细胞,而在成体细胞中这个基因则处于关闭状态”Riley说。在新研究中Riley和他的同事们首先每天给实验鼠注射Tβ4蛋白。持续一周后,他们通过对实验鼠施加手术处理,促使实验鼠出现类似心脏病的症状。在随后的一段时间内研究人员在不同时间点对实验鼠的心脏情况进行了检测。研究人员发现实验鼠在接受手术两天后心脏中就出现了表达Wt1的细胞,两周后这些细胞从心脏外膜向内迁移,逐渐聚拢在受损部位,形成了与心肌细胞非常相似的新细胞。而对于另一些没有注射这种蛋白质的实验鼠来说,其心脏受损后就没有出现这种自我修复现象。
目前Riley的研究小组还在致力于揭示Tβ4开启心肌细胞中干细胞基因的机制,寻找相关的信号通路。接下来他们还计划进一步寻找把本次发现应用于人类的方法,比如开发出一种基于这种蛋白质的药片。对于那些已确诊的心脏病高风险者来说,就可以预防性地服药,这样即使心脏病发作,他们的心脏也可以自动开始修复损伤,从而减少对健康的长期影响。
推荐原文摘要:
De novo cardiomyocytes from within the activated ***** heartafter injury
A significant bottleneck in cardiovascular regenerative medicineis the identification of a viable source of stem/progenitor cellsthat could contribute new muscle after ischaemic heart disease andacute myocardial infarction1. A therapeutic ideal—relative to celltransplantation—would be to stimulate a resident source, thusavoiding the caveats of limited graft survival, restricted homingto the site of injury and host immune rejection. Here wedemonstrate in mice that the ***** heart contains a resident stemor progenitor cell population, which has the potential tocontribute bona fide terminally differentiated cardiomyocytes aftermyocardial infarction. We reveal a novel genetic label of theactivated ***** progenitors via re-expression of a key embryonicepicardial gene, Wilm’s tumour 1 (Wt1), through priming by thymosinβ4, a peptide previously shown to restore vascular potential to***** epicardium-derived progenitor cells2 with injury. Cumulativeevidence indicates an epicardial origin of the progenitorpopulation, and embryonic reprogramming results in the mobilizationof this population and concomitant differentiation to give rise tode novo cardiomyocytes. Cell transplantation confirmed a progenitorsource and chromosome painting of labelled donor cells revealedtransdifferentiation to a myocyte fate in the absence of cellfusion. Derived cardiomyocytes are shown here to structurally andfunctionally integrate with resident muscle; as such, stimulationof this ***** progenitor pool represents a significant step towardsresident-cell-based therapy in human ischaemic heart disease.