一种成本更低的太阳能光伏电池
The Brilliant Idea: A solar cell that requires only a fraction ofthe silicon used in standard PV.一项杰出的发明:一种所需要的硅材料仅仅是当今传统硅基太阳能电池一小部分的太阳能电池.
Innovators: Harry Atwater, Michael Kelzenberg, Nathan Lewis,California Institute of Technology***:哈利 阿特霍特,迈克 克尔泽伯格, 内森 刘易斯,加州理工大学
Chemist Harry Atwater’s gift for manipulating light has led tosome eye-opening innovations, including an “invisibility cloak.”His most recent feat: reinventing the solar cell.化学家哈利 阿特霍特对于如何利用光的研究带来了一些很有启发的新发明,其中包括所谓的“隐身斗篷”。他*近的一项贡献则是发明了一种新型的太阳能电池。
More than half of the silicon acting as a semiconductor instandard photovoltaic (PV) panels—made of wafers—winds up asshavings on the factory floor. Atwater’s team at Caltech wastesvirtually nothing, instead growing silicon microwires using vapordeposition. (Picture a tiny bed of nails growing out of a cloud ofsilicon-rich gas.) Researchers coat the microwires with alight-absorbing material, then embed them, along withlight-scattering particles, in a clear polymer that has areflective backing. As light pours in, it bounces around until 90percent has been absorbed.当今传统的光伏器件(太阳能电池板)有一半以上是以硅这种半导体材料为基础的,它们都是用硅晶片制成的,整个过程类似于在工厂车间里对硅片进行“刨���和修饰”(当然事实上是个较复杂的过程,包含各种化学物理工艺过程)。加州理工的阿特霍特的团队利用了气相沉积的方法在基底上生长了一种极细的硅丝来替代传统的硅晶片,这种方法几乎没有原材料的浪费。(如图所示一个小基底位于富硅气体环境中其上方长出许多钉状硅晶体)。研究者们在这些极细的硅丝的上方沉积一层光吸收材料,然后把它们和一些能够散射光的微粒一起嵌入一个底部有一层反射层的透明聚合物。当光入射的时候,由于其内部结构的原因,大约90%的光线都被吸收。
The wire arrays require only 1 percent of the silicon—whichaccounts for roughly half of the manufacturing costs—of standardPV. The first tests of the technology at scale converted light intoelectricity at a rate of 8 percent, which the team is convinced itcan double (standard PV has 20 percent efficiency). Plus, the cellsare flexible enough to be applied to roof shingles or curtainwalls. “They have the photovoltaic properties of conventional solarcells but the mechanical properties of a plastic bag,” Atwatersays.这种利用微细硅丝的光伏组件中硅的实际含量大约只有1%,正是这个原因导致了整个制造的成本大约只有传统硅基光伏产业的一半。**测试这种新技术的光电转换效率达到了8%,并且该团队相信不久的将来其效率能够翻倍(传统的硅基太阳能电池的光电转换效率在20%左右,事实上单节的单晶硅基电池实验室*高能达到26%左右,商业应用的大概18%左右)。更加值得一提的是,由于此种新型电池的柔韧特性,使得它有望应用于屋顶的瓦片上或是窗帘墙上(传统的硅基电池板柔软度和重量都受限)。就像阿特霍特所说“这种电池具备了太阳能电池的光伏特性的同时也具备了塑料袋的机械特性(像塑料袋一样柔软轻便)。”