离子泵的名词解释：

以下为维基百科的英文解释：

离子泵（溅射离子泵）是一种类型的真空泵，

An ion pump (also referred to as a sputter ion pump) is a type of vacuum pump which operates 

by sputtering a metal getter. 

Under ideal conditions, ion pumps are capable of reaching pressures as low as 10−11 mbar.

 An ion pump first ionizes gas within the vessel it is attached to and employs a strong electrical 

potential, typically 3–7 kV, which accelerates the ions to into the a solid electrode. Small bits 

of the electrode are sputtered into the chamber. 

Gasses are trapped by a combination of chemical reactions with the surface of the 

highly-reactive sputtered material, and being physically trapped underneath that material.

离子泵的发明历史：

The first evidence for pumping from electrical discharge was found 1858 by Julius Plücker,

 who did early experiments on electrical discharge in vacuum tubes. 

In 1937, Frans Michel Penning observed some evidence of pumping in the operation of his cold

 cathode gauge.

 These early effects were comparatively slow to pump, and were therefore not commercialized.

 A major advance came in the 1950s, when Varian Associates were researching improvements 

for the performance of vacuum tubes, particularly on improving the vacuum inside the klystron.

 In 1957, Lewis D Hall, John C Helmer, and Robert L Jepsen filed a patent.

 for a significantly improved pump, one of the earliest pumps that could get a vacuum 

chamber to ultra-high vacuum pressures.