(用显微断层摄影成像方式所显示出的一个大化石(macrofossil)标本的结构。来源:Nature杂志)
地球上*早的生命迹象出现于35亿年前,主要以原核生物形式存在。在距今约6亿年前的寒武纪,各种生物以爆炸性的速度涌现。不过生命的多样化过程实际上发生于距今35亿年到6亿年前的元古代,在此期间诞生了真核生物,它们与原核生物的*大不同就是拥有了细胞核。然而,此前科学界发现的中元古代(距今16亿年至10亿年前)之前的多细胞生物证据很少。
在这篇文章中,研究人员在2008年在加蓬的弗朗斯维尔附近黑色页岩内一大化石层意外发现了大批保存完好的生物化石。根据对其周围沉积物进行的测算,这些化石已有21亿年的历史。这些罕见的古老生物化石长度在10厘米到12厘米之间,堪称“大化石”。科学家分析认为,它们既不可能是原核生物,也不可能是单细胞真核生物。 这些新发现来自距今21亿年前的沉积物,是在大气氧浓度上升后不久,在被称为“寒武纪爆炸”的多细胞生命形式迅速扩大之前约15亿年。这些化石大小和形状各不相同,是具有很好结构的软体生物的残留物,其中一些有褶皱,说明它们可能具有柔性的层状结构。它们的形状和规则的质地反映了其组织的多细胞程度。这些化石可能代表着目前所报道的关于在大生物尺度上细胞-细胞信号作用及协调的生长行为的*早证据。
研究人员的这项新发现让多细胞生命在地球上出现的时间,还要往前再推至少15亿年。新发现的有机体构造究竟有多复杂,**会引发激烈辩论。不过可以肯定的是,这些在加蓬山间发现、用肉眼即可辨识的生物,已彻底颠覆了标准的演化时间表。
身兼研究主要作者的波瓦迪大学﹙University of Poitiers﹚研究人员阿尔班尼﹙AbderrazakElAlbani﹚说:“一直以来,科学家都认为复杂有机生命起源于6亿年以前,不过事实上可能是超过21亿年。”阿尔班尼表示,目前已经发现超过250个样本,形状就和饼干一样,边缘呈不规则状、内部呈块状。
原文摘要:
Large colonial organisms with coordinated growth in oxygenatedenvironments 2.1?Gyr agoThe evidence for macroscopic life during the Palaeoproterozoic era(2.5–1.6?Gyr ago) is controversial1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Except for thenearly 2-Gyr–old coil-shaped fossil Grypania spiralis6, 7, whichmay have been eukaryotic, evidence for morphological and taxonomicbiodiversification of macroorganisms only occurs towards thebeginning of the Mesoproterozoic era (1.6–1.0?Gyr)8. Here we reportthe discovery of centimetre-sized structures from the 2.1-Gyr-oldblack shales of the Palaeoproterozoic Francevillian B Formation inGabon, which we interpret as highly organized and spatiallydiscrete populations of colonial organisms. The structures are upto 12?cm in size and have characteristic shapes, with a simple butdistinct ground pattern of flexible sheets and, usually, apermeating radial fabric. Geochemical analyses suggest that thesediments were deposited under an oxygenated water column. Carbonand sulphur isotopic data indicate that the structures weredistinct biogenic objects, fossilized by pyritization early in theformation of the rock. The growth patterns deduced from the fossilmorphologies suggest that the organisms showed cell-to-cellsignalling and coordinated responses, as is commonly associatedwith multicellular organization9. The Gabon fossils, occurringafter the 2.45–2.32-Gyr increase in atmospheric oxygenconcentration10, may be seen as ancient representatives ofmulticellular life, which expanded so rapidly 1.5?Gyr later, in theCambrian explosion.